What is Linux? Linux is a clone of the operating system UNIX, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and TCP/IP networking.
Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, SunSPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc).
Some basic linux commands, just practice them with all the information you got below: HINTS man show manual page on command man commandnamename ls list files in directory ls -a -l -R cd change working directory cd pwd print working directory pwd du show disk use of file(s) or directory du -s df show free disk space df cp copy a file or directory cp -d -p -R rm remove a file or directory rm -r -f mv move file or directory to another place move file1 file2 mkdir make directory mkdir newdir rmdir remove directory rmdir newdir touch change file timestamps touch -t 10210000 filename chmod change file access permissions chown guest.users filename chown change owner and group of a file chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename find find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc find ./ -name *.kdelnk echo display a line of text echo "Hello world" cat concatenate files and print on standard output cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3 more view text file screen by screen more textfile less a better version of more less textfile pico edit a text file pico filename vi the unix text editor vi filename head show first lines of text file head textfile tail show last lines of text file tail -f textfile wc count bytes, words and lines in files wc filename grep print lines matching a pattern ls -alR |grep txt tr translete or delete characters echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] sort sort a file sort filename uniq show only the diffenent lines from a text file uniq filename cmp compare to files cmp file1 file2 diff find differences between two files diff -u file1 file2 ps show currently running processes ps aux jobs show running or stopped jobs jobs fg bring a process to the foreground fg [jobnr] kill kill a process kill -9 PID killall kill process by name killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon uptime show the time the system is running (and system load) uptime yes output a string repeatedly until killed yes hallo top display top CPU processes top date show system date date who show who is logged on who whoami print effective userid whoami bc binary calculator bc Some network stuff: lynx A text browser lynx http://squat.net/ascii telnet Remote login telnet dds.dds.nl ping Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time ping localhost ssh A more secure version of telnet ssh -l username host.domain netstat Show network statistics netstat -r ftp File transfer protocol ftp ftp.nluug.nl ncftp A better ftp nftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl mail Basic mail implementation echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest pine A mail client pine irc Internet Relay Chat irc -c #squat guest03_ irc.xs4all.nl These commands are very hard to use if you never used them before. The best way to find information on how to use them is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try man man for a start... Some handy function keys: [CTRL]-z Bring a program to the background [CTRL]-c Stop a program [CTRL]-d End of input file [ALT]-[F1]..[F6] Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration) [ALT]-[F7] Switch to X (if running) [CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6] Switch from X to text terminal [CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP] Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart) [CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL] Reboot or halt (depends on configuration)
copied from: Puscii - # http://www.puscii.nl/