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What is Linux? |
=== What is Linux? === |
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Linux is a clone of the operating system UnIX, written from scratch by LinusTorvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UnIX Specification compliance. |
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Linux is an [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] *kernel*. |
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It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and Tcp/IP networking. |
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A kernel is but one (very important) part of an [[operating system]]. |
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Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, SunSPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures. |
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This kernel was written from scratch by [[Linus Torvalds]] with assistance from a loosely-knit team of [[hacker]]s across the [[Internet|net]]. It aims towards [[POSIX]] and Single UNIX Specification compliance. |
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Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc). |
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Combined with the [[GNU]] utilities you get [[GNU/Linux]] which is the correct term for an complete [[OS]]. |
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It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and [[TCP]]/[[IP]] [[network]]ing. |
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<pre> |
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Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based [[PC]]s (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, [[SunSPARC]] and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC [[VAX]], AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures. |
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Some basic linux commands, just practice them with all the information you got below: |
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Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the [[GNU]] [[C]] compiler ([[gcc]]). |
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HINTS |
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man show manual page on command man commandnamename |
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ls list files in directory ls -a -l -R |
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cd change working directory cd |
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pwd print working directory pwd |
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du show disk use of file(s) or directory du -s |
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df show free disk space df |
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cp copy a file or directory cp -d -p -R |
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rm remove a file or directory rm -r -f |
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mv move file or directory to another place move file1 file2 |
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mkdir make directory mkdir newdir |
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rmdir remove directory rmdir newdir |
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touch change file timestamps touch -t 10210000 filename |
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chmod change file access permissions chown guest.users filename |
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chown change owner and group of a file chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename |
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find find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc find ./ -name *.kdelnk |
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=== Some basic commands === |
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echo display a line of text echo "Hello world" |
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cat concatenate files and print on standard output cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3 |
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more view text file screen by screen more textfile |
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less a better version of more less textfile |
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pico edit a text file pico filename |
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vi the unix text editor vi filename |
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head show first lines of text file head textfile |
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tail show last lines of text file tail -f textfile |
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wc count bytes, words and lines in files wc filename |
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grep print lines matching a pattern ls -alR |grep txt |
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tr translete or delete characters echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] |
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sort sort a file sort filename |
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uniq show only the diffenent lines from a text file uniq filename |
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cmp compare to files cmp file1 file2 |
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diff find differences between two files diff -u file1 file2 |
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These [[Unix]] compatible 'commands' are not part of the Linux kernel. The are all separate programs that are used on many other [[operating systems]]. The unifying property of these commands is that they are all FreeSoftware, and most all are CopyLeft. |
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ps show currently running processes ps aux |
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jobs show running or stopped jobs jobs |
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fg bring a process to the foreground fg [jobnr] |
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kill kill a process kill -9 PID |
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killall kill process by name killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon |
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<table> |
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uptime show the time the system is running (and system load) uptime |
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<tr><th colspan="3">[[GNU]]/[[Linux]]/[[Unix]] commands A-Z</th></tr> |
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yes output a string repeatedly until killed yes hallo |
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<tr><th>''command''</th><th>''description''</th><th>''examples''</th></tr> |
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top display top CPU processes top |
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<tr><td>[[bc]]</td><td>binary calculator</td><td>bc</td></tr> |
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date show system date date |
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<tr><td>[[cat]]</td><td>concatenate files and print on standard output</td><td>cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3</td></tr> |
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who show who is logged on who |
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<tr><td>[[cd]]</td><td>change working directory</td><td>cd ~</td></tr> |
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whoami print effective userid whoami |
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<tr><td>[[chmod]]</td><td>change file access permissions</td><td>chown guest.users filename</td></tr> |
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bc binary calculator bc |
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<tr><td>[[chown]]</td><td>change owner and group of a file</td><td>chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cmp]]</td><td>compare two files byte by byte</td><td>cmp file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cp]]</td><td>copy a file or directory</td><td>cp -d -p -R</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[date]]</td><td>show system date</td><td>date</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[df]]</td><td>show free disk space</td><td>df -h</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[diff]]</td><td>find differences between two files</td><td>diff -u file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[du]]</td><td>show disk use of file(s) or directory</td><td>du -s</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[echo]]</td><td>display a line of text</td><td>echo "Hello world"</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[fg]]</td><td>bring a process to the foreground</td><td>fg [jobnr]</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[find]]</td><td>find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc</td><td>find ./ -name *.kdelnk </td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ftp]]</td><td>File transfer protocol</td><td>ftp ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[grep]]</td><td>print lines matching a pattern </td><td>ls -alR |grep txt</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[head]]</td><td>show first lines of text file</td><td>head textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[irc]]</td><td>Internet Relay Chat</td><td>irc -c #squat fnord irc.xs4all.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[jobs]]</td><td>show running or stopped jobs</td><td>jobs</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[kill]]</td><td>kill a process</td><td>kill -9 PID</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[killall]]</td><td>kill process by name</td><td>killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[less]]</td><td>a better version of more </td><td>less textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ls]]</td><td>list files in directory</td><td>ls -a -l -R</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[lynx]]</td><td>A text browser</td><td>lynx http://squat.net/ascii</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mail]]</td><td>Basic mail implementation</td><td>echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[man]]</td><td>show manual page on command</td><td>man command</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mkdir]]</td><td>make directory</td><td>mkdir newdir</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[more]]</td><td>view text file screen by screen</td><td>more textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mv]]</td><td>move file or directory to another place</td><td>mv file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ncftp]]</td><td>A better ftp client</td><td>ncftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[netstat]]</td><td>Show network statistics</td><td>netstat -r</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pico]]</td><td>edit a text file</td><td>pico filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pine]]</td><td>A mail client</td><td>pine</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ping]]</td><td>Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time</td><td>ping localhost</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ps]]</td><td>show currently running processes</td><td>ps aux</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pwd]]</td><td>print working directory</td><td>pwd</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[rm]]</td><td>remove a file or directory</td><td>rm -r -f</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[rmdir]]</td><td>remove directory</td><td>rmdir newdir</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[sort]]</td><td>sort a file</td><td>sort filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ssh]]</td><td>A more secure version of telnet</td><td>ssh -l username host.domain</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[tail]]</td><td>show last lines of text file</td><td>tail -f textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[telnet]]</td><td>Remote login</td><td>telnet dds.dds.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[top]]</td><td>display top CPU processes</td><td>top</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[touch]]</td><td>change file timestamps</td><td>touch -t 10210000 filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[tr]]</td><td>translete or delete characters</td><td>echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[uniq]]</td><td>show only the diffenent lines from a text file</td><td>uniq filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[uptime]]</td><td>show the time the system is running (and system load)</td><td>uptime</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[vi]]</td><td>the unix text editor </td><td>vi filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[wc]]</td><td>count bytes, words and lines in files</td><td>wc -l filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[who]]</td><td>show who is logged on</td><td>who</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[whoami]]</td><td>print effective userid</td><td>whoami</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[yes]]</td><td>output a string repeatedly until killed</td><td>yes hello</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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The best way to find information on how to use a command is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try '''man man''' for a start. |
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Some network stuff: |
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=== Some handy function keys === |
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lynx A text browser lynx http://squat.net/ascii |
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telnet Remote login telnet dds.dds.nl |
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ping Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time ping localhost |
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ssh A more secure version of telnet ssh -l username host.domain |
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netstat Show network statistics netstat -r |
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ftp File transfer protocol ftp ftp.nluug.nl |
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ncftp A better ftp nftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl |
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mail Basic mail implementation echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest |
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pine A mail client pine |
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irc Internet Relay Chat irc -c #squat guest03_ irc.xs4all.nl |
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<table> |
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These commands are very hard to use if you never used them before. The best way to find information on how to use them is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try man man for a start... |
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<tr><th>Linux Function keys</th></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-z</td><td>Bring a program to the background</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-c</td><td>Stop a program</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-d</td><td>End of input file</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[ALT]-[F1]..[F6]</td><td>Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[ALT]-[F7]</td><td>Switch to X (if running)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6]</td><td>Switch from X to text terminal</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP]</td><td>Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL]</td><td>Reboot or halt (depends on configuration)</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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copied and extended from: [[PUSCII]] - # http://www.puscii.nl/ |
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Some handy function keys: |
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=== Related === |
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[CTRL]-z Bring a program to the background |
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[CTRL]-c Stop a program |
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[CTRL]-d End of input file |
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[ALT]-[F1]..[F6] Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration) |
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[ALT]-[F7] Switch to X (if running) |
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[CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6] Switch from X to text terminal |
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[CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP] Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart) |
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[CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL] Reboot or halt (depends on configuration) |
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--> [[Debian]],[[GNU]],[[::Category:Linux Distributions]],[[Linus Torvalds]],[[FSF]],[[Unix]] |
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</pre> |
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copied from: http://www.puscii.nl/ |
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* [http://applications.linux.com/article.pl?sid=04/11/16/1555246&tid=13&tid=47 Linux CD/DVD Recording] |
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* [http://www.linux-praxis.de/download/index.html Linux Lernmaterial] |
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=== deutsch === |
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[[Linux_Study_Guides|Deutschsprachige Linux Study Guides als PDF]] |
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=== How to pronounce Linux? === |
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[http://www.paul.sladen.org/pronunciation/torvalds-says-linux.wav Like Linus Torvalds says it] |
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=== Jargon === |
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<jargon /> |
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[[Category:Operating Systems]] |
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[[Category:Computer]] |
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[[Category:Linux]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:59, 8 December 2008
What is Linux?[edit]
Linux is an UNIX compatible operating system *kernel*.
A kernel is but one (very important) part of an operating system.
This kernel was written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
Combined with the GNU utilities you get GNU/Linux which is the correct term for an complete OS.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and TCP/IP networking.
Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, SunSPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc).
Some basic commands[edit]
These Unix compatible 'commands' are not part of the Linux kernel. The are all separate programs that are used on many other operating systems. The unifying property of these commands is that they are all FreeSoftware, and most all are CopyLeft.
| GNU/Linux/Unix commands A-Z | ||
|---|---|---|
| command | description | examples |
| bc | binary calculator | bc |
| cat | concatenate files and print on standard output | cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3 |
| cd | change working directory | cd ~ |
| chmod | change file access permissions | chown guest.users filename |
| chown | change owner and group of a file | chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename |
| cmp | compare two files byte by byte | cmp file1 file2 |
| cp | copy a file or directory | cp -d -p -R |
| date | show system date | date |
| df | show free disk space | df -h |
| diff | find differences between two files | diff -u file1 file2 |
| du | show disk use of file(s) or directory | du -s |
| echo | display a line of text | echo "Hello world" |
| fg | bring a process to the foreground | fg [jobnr] |
| find | find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc | find ./ -name *.kdelnk |
| ftp | File transfer protocol | ftp ftp.nluug.nl |
| grep | print lines matching a pattern | ls -alR |grep txt |
| head | show first lines of text file | head textfile |
| irc | Internet Relay Chat | irc -c #squat fnord irc.xs4all.nl |
| jobs | show running or stopped jobs | jobs |
| kill | kill a process | kill -9 PID |
| killall | kill process by name | killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon |
| less | a better version of more | less textfile |
| ls | list files in directory | ls -a -l -R |
| lynx | A text browser | lynx http://squat.net/ascii |
| Basic mail implementation | echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest | |
| man | show manual page on command | man command |
| mkdir | make directory | mkdir newdir |
| more | view text file screen by screen | more textfile |
| mv | move file or directory to another place | mv file1 file2 |
| ncftp | A better ftp client | ncftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl |
| netstat | Show network statistics | netstat -r |
| pico | edit a text file | pico filename |
| pine | A mail client | pine |
| ping | Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time | ping localhost |
| ps | show currently running processes | ps aux |
| pwd | print working directory | pwd |
| rm | remove a file or directory | rm -r -f |
| rmdir | remove directory | rmdir newdir |
| sort | sort a file | sort filename |
| ssh | A more secure version of telnet | ssh -l username host.domain |
| tail | show last lines of text file | tail -f textfile |
| telnet | Remote login | telnet dds.dds.nl |
| top | display top CPU processes | top |
| touch | change file timestamps | touch -t 10210000 filename |
| tr | translete or delete characters | echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] |
| uniq | show only the diffenent lines from a text file | uniq filename |
| uptime | show the time the system is running (and system load) | uptime |
| vi | the unix text editor | vi filename |
| wc | count bytes, words and lines in files | wc -l filename |
| who | show who is logged on | who |
| whoami | print effective userid | whoami |
| yes | output a string repeatedly until killed | yes hello |
The best way to find information on how to use a command is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try man man for a start.
Some handy function keys[edit]
| Linux Function keys | |
|---|---|
| [CTRL]-z | Bring a program to the background |
| [CTRL]-c | Stop a program |
| [CTRL]-d | End of input file |
| [ALT]-[F1]..[F6] | Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration) |
| [ALT]-[F7] | Switch to X (if running) |
| [CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6] | Switch from X to text terminal |
| [CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP] | Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart) |
| [CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL] | Reboot or halt (depends on configuration) |
copied and extended from: PUSCII - # http://www.puscii.nl/
Related[edit]
--> Debian,GNU,[[::Category:Linux Distributions]],Linus Torvalds,FSF,Unix
deutsch[edit]
Deutschsprachige Linux Study Guides als PDF
How to pronounce Linux?[edit]
Jargon[edit]
<jargon />