The World's Most Popular Open Source Database
The MySQL database server is the world's most popular open source database. Its architecture makes it extremely fast and easy to customize. Extensive reuse of code within the software and a minimalistic approach to producing functionally-rich features has resulted in a database management system unmatched in speed, compactness, stability and ease of deployment. The unique separation of the core server from the storage engine makes it possible to run with strict transaction control or with ultra-fast transactionless disk access, whichever is most appropriate for the situation.
The MySQL database server is available for free under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Commercial licenses are available for users who prefer not to be restricted by the terms of the GPL.
Four different versions
There are four versions of the database server available:
- MySQL Standard includes the standard MySQL storage engines and the InnoDB storage engine. InnoDB is a transaction-safe, ACID-compliant storage engine with commit, rollback, crash recovery and row-level locking capabilities. This version is for users who want the high-performance MySQL database with full transaction support. MySQL Standard is licensed under the GPL. MySQL Pro is the commercially-licensed version of the server with the same feature-set.
- MySQL Max is for the user who wants early access to new features. This version includes the standard MySQL storage engines, the InnoDB storage engine, and other extras like the Berkeley database (BDB) storage engine, SSL transport-layer encryption, and support for splitting tables across multiple files to avoid operating system file size limitations. In future releases, MySQL Max will include more cutting-edge features.
- MySQL Pro is the commercially licensed version of the MySQL Standard database server, including InnoDB support.
- MySQL Classic only includes the standard MySQL storage engines, differing from MySQL Pro and MySQL Standard only by the omission of the InnoDB storage engine. It is only available under a commercial license.
Examples
The structure from top to bottom is: server->database->table->field->content
So get to the place you want in this order:
Connecting to mysql server from the shell.
shell> mysql -u root -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. mysql>
Switching into a database.
mysql> use wikidb; Database changed mysql>
Showing tables
mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_wikidb | +------------------+ | archive | | blobs | ... | imagelinks | | interwiki | ... | watchlist | +------------------+ 23 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Getting field names
mysql> describe interwiki; +-----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | iw_prefix | char(32) | | PRI | | | | iw_url | char(127) | | | | | | iw_local | tinyint(1) | | | 0 | | +-----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Selecting content
mysql> select iw_prefix from interwiki; +-------------------+ | iw_prefix | +-------------------+ | AbbeNormal | | AcadWiki | | Acronym | | Advogato | | AIWiki | ... | Wiktionary | | YpsiEyeball | | ZWiki | +-------------------+ 107 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Using wildcards
You can use wildcards like in:
mysql> select * from interwiki;
Conditions (WHERE-clause)
You can combine with conditions like in:
exact match:
mysql> select iw_url from interwiki where iw_prefix="UseMod"; +------------------------------------------+ | iw_url | +------------------------------------------+ | http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?$1 | +------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
approximate match:
at beginning
mysql> select cur_title from cur where cur_text LIKE "Fnord%";
in the middle
mysql> select cur_title from cur where cur_text LIKE "%Foobar%";
Sorting
ascending:
mysql> select rc_id,rc_title from recentchanges ORDER BY rc_id;
descending:
mysql> select rc_id,rc_title from recentchanges ORDER BY rc_id DESC;
Limiting
mysql> select rc_id from recentchanges LIMIT 0,3; +-------+ | rc_id | +-------+ | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | +-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select rc_id from recentchanges LIMIT 1,4; +-------+ | rc_id | +-------+ | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | +-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(output max. 4 line from offset 1). Starts with offset 0 and 0 is default if second parameter not given.
Creating databases and tables
Creating a database
mysql> CREATE DATABASE foobar; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Switching to database
mysql> use foobar; Database changed
Creating a simple table
mysql> CREATE TABLE blargh (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), birth DATE);
Creating a table with auto-incrementing id
mysql> CREATE table fnord (id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY(id),name VARCHAR(30), whatever VARCHAR(7)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Data field types used in CREATE syntax
Numbers
TINYINT - -128 to 127 normal / 0 to 255 UNSIGNED.
SMALLINT - -32768 to 32767 normal / 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED.
MEDIUMINT - -8388608 to 8388607 normal / 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED.
INT - a numeric type which can accept values in the range of -2147483648 to 2147483647
BIGINT( ) - -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 normal / 0 to 18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED.
DECIMAL - a numeric type with support for floating-point or decimal numbers
FLOAT - A small number with a floating decimal point.
DOUBLE - a numeric type for double-precision floating-point numbers. If you don't know what these are, chances are you won't be using it much.
Text
CHAR - a string type with a maximum size of 255 characters and a fixed length
VARCHAR - a string type with a maximum size of 255 characters and a variable length
TEXT - a string type with a maximum size of 65535 characters
MEDIUMTEXT - a string with a maximum length of 16777215 characters.
LONGTEXT A string with a maximum length of 4294967295 characters.
Date and Time
DATE - a date field in the YYYY-MM-DD format
TIME - a time field in the HH:MM:SS format
DATETIME - a combined date/time type in the YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format
YEAR - a field specifically for year displays in the range 1901 to 2155, in either YYYY or YY formats
TIMESTAMP - a timestamp type, in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format
Misc
BLOB - a binary type for variable data (MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB .. )
ENUM - a string type which can accept one value from a list of previously-defined possible values
SET - a string type which can accept zero or more values from a set of previously-defined possible values
Giving access to users
Examples:
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'goodsecret' REQUIRE SSL;
mysql> GRANT SELECT ON foo.bar TO 'fnord'@'somehost' IDENTIFIED BY 'somepass';
These are random examples, for further syntax check:
Client does not support authentication protocol
If you happen to get Client does not support authentication protocol, The most likely reason is that: MySQL 5.0 uses an authentication protocol based on a password hashing algorithm that is incompatible with that used by older (pre-4.1) clients.
You can fix it either by upgrading all client programs to use a 4.1.1 or newer client library or by resetting a password to the old style via:
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'some_user'@'some_host' = OLD_PASSWORD('newpwd');
Setting the initial root password
shell> mysql -u root mysql
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD('new_password');
Reset forgotten root password
- Take down the mysqld server by sending a kill (not kill -9) to the mysqld server.
- Restart mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option.
- mysqladmin -u root password 'mynewpassword'
- Restart mysqld normally
You are also able to reset the mysql root password by the help of the following line, while server is up:
# /etc/init.d/mysql reset-password New MySQL root password: Verify: Setting new MySQL root password
How to Reset a Forgotten Root Password
Making backups / mysqldump
Create
mysqldump -u root -p somedatabase > dumpfile.sql
mysqldump --compatible=mysql40 -u root -p somedatabase > dumpfile.sql
(to be compatible with certain versions, you can also use other '--compatible=' strings)
Import
mysql -u root -p somedatabase < dumpfile.sql
Sending output to textfile
mysql> select foo from bar INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/dump.txt';
bash> mv /tmp/dump.txt .
(if trouble writing because mysql user has different permissions)
Taking input from textfile
mysql> mysql -u root -p < dumpfile.sql Enter password:
Cheat Sheet
to prevent SQL injections never trust user input and never insert user filled variables into mysql statements right away, in PHP mysql_real_escape_string ()
Get total size of .MYI files
weirdo way
echo "Size of MYI files in current directory: `(for file in \`ls | grep MYI\`; do echo -n "\`du -bs $file | cut -f1\`+"; done; echo "0") | bc` bytes"
normal way
You can do the same "a little" shorter,too ;) (< LordFrith> mutante, du -ch *MYI), *gg*
du -ch *MYI | tail -n1
symbiosis
for file in `ls -d /var/lib/mysql/ */`; do echo -n "$file "; du -ch ./$file/*MYI | tail -n1; done
du -ch /var/lib/mysql/*/*MYI
Why ?
(*) - "By adding up the size of the .MYI files for the tables, you'll have a good idea how large to set the buffer." [1]
mytop
mytop - top like query monitor for MySQL
drop tables with wildcard / by prefix
in Bash: for file in /var/lib/mysql/database/prefix*.MYI; do echo "drop table `basename $file | cut -d. -f1`;" > droptables.sql; done
loops through all tables with "prefix*" and writes a bunch of "drop table blah;" statements into a file "droptables.sql". This file can then be executed via something like mysql -u root -p database < droptables.sql either manually or as a second line in a bash script. the password should be entered interactively to avoid it showing up in process list on a multiuser host.
External Links
IRC
Help channels on IRC: